What did Jesus mean when He said the gates of hell would not overpower His church? The answer begins with where He was standing. In Matthew 16, Jesus led His disciples to Caesarea Philippi, a place pagan religions considered the doorway to the underworld, and there He asked them a question God still asks today: "But who do you say that I am?"
Jesus chose this spot on purpose, walking His disciples to the base of the Mount Hermon range to make some amazing declarations in the face of everything that region represented. What happened there reveals who Jesus really is, and it exposes the temptation that opens the door to darkness in every one of our lives.
Who Do You Say That I Am?
The scene opens in Matthew 16:13-16: "Now when Jesus came into the district of Caesarea Philippi, He was asking His disciples, 'Who do people say that the Son of Man is?' And they said, 'Some say John the Baptist; and others, Elijah; but still others, Jeremiah, or one of the prophets.' He said to them, 'But who do you say that I am?'"
In that moment, Simon Peter somehow has a spark and answers, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God." Jesus responds, "Blessed are you, Simon Barjona, because flesh and blood did not reveal this to you, but My Father who is in heaven" (Matthew 16:17).
The Father's identity was already starting to imprint on Peter. Peter recognized something about Jesus that was producing a relationship with the Father, and somehow he could hear the Father's voice. He knew what the Father was doing.
Jesus continues: "I also say to you that you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build My church; and the gates of Hades will not overpower it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; and whatever you bind on earth shall have been bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall have been loosed in heaven." Then He warned the disciples that they should tell no one that He was the Christ (Matthew 16:18-20).
Why Did Jesus Go to Caesarea Philippi?
A little history helps here. Caesarea Philippi marks the northernmost border of Israel's territory, going all the way back to the days of the initial conquest. It sits in the area of Mount Hermon, a place that appears in the Old Testament, and the disciples knew its history well. They were standing in a charged atmosphere, to say the least.
A Doorway to the Underworld
For one thing, the area had a long history of being considered the doorway to the underworld by pagan religions. Right where Jesus stood at the base of the mountain, there was a cave and a spring going down into the earth. The local people, who believed in Pan, in all kinds of false religions, and in demons, believed this was a passage into the underworld.
A Temple to Caesar
Put Rome on top of that. Caesar Augustus was considered a god and a deity, and Herod built a temple to him and dedicated that mountain to him as a god. So the pagan religions already believed this was a place to interact illicitly with the spiritual world, and now the cult of Rome was producing idol worship and making it a stronghold.
Fallen Angels and Giants on Mount Hermon
The last layer is the strangest, but it's interesting. Consider Second Temple period Judaism, the season between the end of the Old Testament with Malachi and the beginning of Matthew. During those 400 years of silence, no Scriptures were being written, yet people still believed in God. Jewish people still observed the law and still had temple worship and a priesthood, and by the time Jesus showed up, sacrifices were still being made in the temple.
Your average Jew of the Second Temple period would have believed that angels fell from heaven and descended on Mount Hermon, where they had intimate relationships with women and produced giants. Whether you believe that or not is not the point. This is what they believed. And in the Old Testament, when Israel had to drive out physical giants during the conquest, it was in the Mount Hermon area.
Standing at the Gates of Hell
Picture it. The disciples walk all the way up there with Jesus and stand in front of this pagan, demonic, demon-possessed area. The men standing there think angels came down to the earth and committed nasty deeds that produced giants, giants Israel still had to defeat when they came back into the land, leaving some sort of footprint on the place. Then the cult of Rome brought another demonized layer to it. All of this was multi-layered on top of each other, and Jesus essentially said, "We're going to walk right up to it, and I'm going to ask you a question."
Imagine that. The disciples must have been mortified. Where are we going? To Philippi and Mount Hermon, to the place of giants, devils, pagans, Rome, and demons? We're going to stand in front of the thing they call the pathway to the underworld, and You want to have a conversation with us there? That is exactly what Jesus intended.
So He asks His question with all of this as His backdrop. Who am I? Am I one of these? Are they in competition with Me? What do you know about Me at this point?
This matters because Matthew 16 is the first time Jesus really announces that He is the Messiah. He endorses Peter's confession, something Peter had probably been thinking about up to this point in the Gospel. It had never really been said like this. Jesus lays it clearly on the table: I am the One. He is so much the One that He is about to show them how far above all of this He is, because Matthew 17 brings the Mount of Transfiguration. For now, though, they are down at the base of the mountain.
Who Is Jesus to You?
Whether you are in Caesarea Philippi or in the middle of your own city, there are powers and multi-layered, demonized ideas, sinful, wicked, pagan, nasty things working in the atmosphere. And God still asks the same question: Who is Jesus to you?
Is He simply alongside all of this stuff, someone you consider in tension with it? Or do you understand who He is, that He is the ruler over all of it? He rules all of it. Until your identity is secure in what He made you to be, this stuff will keep working on you, even though you claim to know Him. Jesus is getting at the root of something.
Underneath it all is the myth of self, which works on humanity to offer a wisdom alternative to God's. Man took the bait from Satan in the garden, chose his own wisdom, became alienated from God, and became a sinful, rotten person. Compile that over time, and by the time Jesus arrives at Caesarea Philippi, demons, pagans, rituals, and all kinds of things have convinced the world of every variety of ideas about who God is and what God is. Jesus stands up in the midst of all that multi-layered confusion and says, "Let's answer this question. Who am I?"
Peter's answer, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God," cuts through the atmosphere like a knife. It was a good moment, but it doesn't end there, because Jesus is about to go after something else.
Why Did Peter Rebuke Jesus?
Once Jesus knows His disciples understand that He is the Messiah, the conversation turns. "From that time Jesus began to show His disciples that He must go to Jerusalem, and suffer many things from the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and be raised up on the third day. Peter took Him aside and began to rebuke Him, saying, 'God forbid it, Lord! This shall never happen to You'" (Matthew 16:21-22).
Think about what just happened. In front of every demonic thing in that part of the world, Jesus asked, "Who am I?" and the answer came back that He is the One who rules all of it. Now that they understood that, Jesus began to show them how His rulership would be extended and produced to impact the whole world. Peter didn't like that idea, so he came up with an alternative wisdom. In effect, he said, "Jesus, there's another way to look at this. Let's have some wisdom over here."
Notice the words Peter uses. All through the New Testament, the proper name for the Father is God, and the proper name for Jesus is Lord. Paul would say things like, "Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ" [Reference needed]. Jesus is Lord; the Father is God.
So here is what Peter is really saying: "You just told me a few minutes ago that the Father speaks to me too. Since I have a role in this now and can somehow discern something, I have some wisdom for You. I'm here to rebuke You and tell You that God, Your Father, surely doesn't want You to do that. Let me give You some advice, Jesus. Let me sort You out and tell You another way to do this."
Why Did Jesus Call Peter Satan?
Remember where they were standing: a hostile, spiritually charged, demonized region, probably one of the worst in Israel. Jesus walked in there and settled who He is over all of it. But is it possible that the atmosphere of that highly charged, demonized place, with wisdom altered a hundred different ways, got hold of Peter, and he lost his mind?
If Peter, who was called by Christ to follow Him and lived with Him, could take the bait of self-interest in a moment and offer an alternative wisdom, what are the chances you will do the same? How realistic is it that the same atmosphere is talking to you right now? You may be able to sing songs that declare who He is, but when the moment hits that challenges your self-interest, can you still answer well? Or is that where you collapse?
Peter hit the wall. Did Jesus respond by inviting him out for coffee for a gentle pastoral conversation, to help him understand the Scriptures a little better? He did not. Jesus said, "Get behind Me, Satan! You are a stumbling block to Me; for you are not setting your mind on God's interests, but man's" (Matthew 16:23).
Listen to how Jesus defines where stumbling blocks come from. They come from a mind set on man's interests in place of God's.
Self-Interest Is the Doorway to the Gates of Hell
Jesus took His disciples to the gates of hell, a place layered with pagan religion, Caesar worship, and stories of fallen angels and giants, and revealed Himself as the Christ who rules over all of it. Moments later, one of His closest followers took the bait of an alternative wisdom.
That is the warning of Caesarea Philippi: the temptation of self-interest is the doorway into the demonic every single time. The same question Jesus asked at the base of Mount Hermon is still being asked of you. Who do you say that He is? Is He one option alongside everything working in the atmosphere around you, or is He the ruler over all of it? When your identity is secure in what He made you to be, you can answer that question well, even in the moment your self-interest is on the line.

















